martes, 13 de octubre de 2009
Assinado Memorando de Entendimentos entre União Européia e Brasil para aprimorar a cooperação internacional
No dia 08 de outubro foi celebrado um Memorando de Entendimento entre a Comissária Européia responsável pela concorrência, Neelie Kroes, com o intuito de estreitar os laços e fortalecer o relacionamento entre Direção-Geral da Concorrência da Comissão Européia e as autoridades de concorrência brasileiras. A celebração desse memorando se propõe a facilitar ainda mais o já existente diálogo sobre questões relacionadas à política de concorrência, bem como regular a partilha de pontos de vista e de informações não confidenciais sobre casos específicos. Durante o evento, Nellie Kroes ressaltou a importância do ato em virtude do bom desempenho econômico brasileiro e a sua inserção no cenário mundial como uma potência econômica e um importante parceiro comercial da União Européia.
domingo, 4 de octubre de 2009
Peritaje económico y antitrust
El caso tenía un alto componente de análisis económico, específicamente respecto del mercado de compra de arroz paddy verde (para su posterior procesamiento en arroz blanco) y de su estructura oligopsónica. Teniendo en cuenta la naturaleza del proceso, uno de los puntos más importantes a revisar era la explicación económica para la conducta de las empresas. Para tal efecto, la evaluación de la información sobre precios, cantidades, stocks, demanda, oferta y demás variables relevantes para entender la conducta de los precios fue analizada por un experto economista. Dicho experto, contratado por una de las partes, debía elaborar un peritaje para ser presentado ante la jurisidicción que conocería de la demanda.
A partir de dicho caso me interesé por dos temas que finalmente me llevaron a escribir documentos que fueron publicados este año: i) el paralelismo consciente como forma de acuerdo anticompetitivo y ii) el peritaje económico en casos antimonopolios. Respecto del primer tema, como he comentado anteriormente (acá, y acá) elaboré el documento "Tacit Collusion in Latin America: A Comparative Study of the Competition Laws and Their Enforcement in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Panama" que fue publicado en el libro "Competition Law and Policy in Latin America" editado por Eleanor Fox y Daniel Sokol .
El segundo tema lo desarrollé en mi tesis de maestría titulada "Expert Economic Testimony, Economic Evidence and Asymmetry of Information in Antitrust Cases", que fue dirigida por Peter Camesasca. Una versión editada del texto fue publicada recientemente por "International Law, Revista Colombiana de Derecho Internacional" (Revista No. 14-2009) bajo el título "Expert Economic Testimony in Antitrust Cases: A Comparative Law and Economics Study" (en Español, "Peritaje económico en casos antimonopolio: un estudio comparado desde la perspectiva del análisis económico del derecho").
Abajo, transcribo la información correspondiente (en Inglés y Español):
"Abstract
The purpose of this document is to assess two questions that have a positive and normative nature respectively: 1) What incentives does the legal and institutional framework of the European Community (EC) and the United States (Federal level) provide to the different agents involved in antitrust proceedings in regards to the use of expert economic testimonies? 2) What legal and social norms could provide appropriate incentives to the different agents involved in antitrust proceedings in order to align the use of expert economic testimonies with antitrust enforcement goals? The research questions are assessed from a comparative law and economics approach. The law and economics approach is based upon the Asymmetric Information Theory and Principal-Agent Theory. The document contains five conclusions that may be summarized in the following statement: regarding expert economic testimonies, an antitrust enforcement system must aim at the minimization of its costs through the mitigation of the consequences of asymmetric information between the adjudicator and the expert. A cost-benefit analysis of the use of expert witnesses must take into account the incentives produced by the interaction among the different regulatory and non-regulatory features of the antitrust enforcement system.
Key words author: Antitrust, EC Competition Law, US Federal Antitrust Law, Expert Economic Testimony, Quantitative Methods, Asymmetric Information.
Key words plus: Antitrust law, International Trade Law, Asymmetric Information.
Summary
Resumen
El objetivo del presente documento es analizar dos interrogantes que tienen una naturaleza positiva y normativa: 1) En relación con el uso de peritajes económicos en procesos por supuesta infracción de las normas antimonopolio, ¿qué incentivos proveen los marcos jurídicos e institucionales de la Comunidad Europea y de Estados Unidos de América (en la legislación federal) a los agentes que hacen parte de dichos procedimientos? 2) ¿Qué normas legales y sociales proveen los incentivos apropiados a los agentes que forman parte de procesos por supuesta infracción de las normas antimonopolio para alinear el uso de peritajes económicos con los objetivos de las normas antimonopolios? Las dos preguntas de investigación son analizadas a partir del Derecho Comparado y del análisis económico del Derecho. El documento contiene cinco conclusiones que pueden resumirse en la siguiente afirmación: en relación con el uso de peritajes económicos, el sistema de normas antimonopolio debe procurar la minimización de sus costos de aplicación mediante la mitigación de las consecuencias de la asimetría de información entre el adjudicador y el experto. Un análisis costo-beneficio sobre el uso de peritajes económicos debe tener en cuenta los incentivos producidos por la interacción entre las características regulatorias y no regulatorias del sistema de aplicación de normas antimonopolios. Palabras clave autor: Derecho antimonopolios, ley de competencia de la Comunidad Europea, ley antimonopolios de Estados Unidos (federal), peritajes económicos, métodos cuantitativos, información asimétrica.
Palabras clave descriptor: Ley antimonopolio (Derecho internacional), Derecho comercial internacional, información asimétrica."
Finalmente, recientemente el professor Ioannis Lianos (University College London - Faculty of Laws) publicó el documento “‘Judging’ Economists: Economic Expertise in Competition Law Litigation - A European View”. Recomiendo su lectura a quienes están interesados en el tema del peritaje económico en casos antimonopolios desde un enfoque que difiere del estadounidense. El texto (que sera publicado en “NEW CHALLENGES IN EC COMPETITION LAW ENFORCEMENT”, Ioannis Lianos & Ioannis Kokkoris, eds.,Kluwer) presenta de manera comprensiva los problemas derivados del uso de herramientas económicas en casos sobre violación de las normas de libre competencia con un enfoque Europeo.
Abajo, transcribo la información correspondiente:
"Abstract:
The study focuses on the admissibility and assessment of economic expertise in EC competition law litigation. I start by exploring the broader issues raised by the integration of economic expertise in litigation: in particular the risk of moral hazard and adverse selection because of the epistemic asymmetry between judges and experts and the risk of expert bias. The analysis of these problems will bring me to the question of the conception of science and of the relations between science and law that underpins the concept of scientific expertise and, more specifically, economic expertise. I will then identify the extent of the problem of epistemic asymmetry and expert bias by looking to the degree and the locus of the intrusion of economic analysis in competition cases. I will examine the instruments, procedural and substantive, employed by the legal system, in order to mitigate the risks flowing from the epistemic asymmetry and the expert bias claims. First, I will highlight the different institutional and procedural frameworks that were adopted at the European Union level and in some selected member states in order to integrate economic expertise in litigation. My objective will be to understand how these institutional solutions may address each of the identified problems. Second, I will look to 'substantive' law approaches in the adjudication of expertise, such as the development of specific standards for the admissibility and the sufficiency of economic expertise in courts, as an alternative or as an additional option to deal with the challenges raised by economic expertise. The paper will conclude that the possible adverse effects of the epistemic asymmetry and expert bias between judges and experts raise important concerns that the legal systems should tackle. The current procedural/institutional and substantive legal framework governing economic expertise does not however take sufficiently into account important concerns that are specific to economics and other social sciences, such as the preservation of the scientific 'competition' in the supply of economic theory and consequently methodological or assumptions-related pluralism in economic thought. In particular, I will argue against adopting specific standards of admissibility of economic expertise in Europe. This is a US context-specific solution which does not necessarily fit with the specific characteristics of the European legal system. It is also an approach that represents an outdated and partial view of the scientific as well as of the judicial adjudication process.
Keywords: antitrust, competition law, evidence, economics, expertise, experts, Daubert, proof, admissibility, assessment of evidence, philosophy of science, methodology of economics
JEL Classifications: A11, A12, A13, A14, B40, B41, K00, K21, K40, K41, L4"
martes, 2 de junio de 2009
El novelón por el Reporte desechado está muy bueno!
- Priest critica la idea de Varney según la cual una de las causas de la crisis financiera fue la manera como se aplicaron las normas antimonopolio (o mejor, su falta de aplicación)durante la administración Bush. Además, según Priest, en el discurso de Varney no hay una argumentación razonada para llegar a dicha conclusión.
- En relación con la postura expuesta por Varney respecto del reporte de 2008 del DOJ (en el cual se hacen recomendaciones sobre la conducta monopolizadora) Priest advierte que el reporte fue producto de un año de trabajo que tuvo en cuenta las recomendaciones de 29 páneles y 119 testigos que en últimas recoge las sub-reglas creadas por la Corte Suprema de Justicia.
- Adicionalmente, Priest critica que Varney la ausencia de una alternativa comprensiva a las recomendaciones del reporte retirado y la referencia a la postura de la Unión Europea. Evidentemente, si en algo se distingue la doctrina de las jurisidicciones es su aproximación a las conductas de empresas con posición de dominio y respecto de las restricciones verticales (especialmente respecto de exclusividades y políticas de fidelización).
- Continuará... (Gracias a J. C. Esguerra por la alerta temprana!)
viernes, 21 de noviembre de 2008
Tres ensayos sobre poder de mercado y abuso de posición de dominio
- "Article 82 and Section 2: Abuse and Monopolizing Conduct" (publicado Issues of Competition Law and Policy, Vol. 2, p. 871, 2008 / Fordham Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 1301690), Abstract: Differing historical contexts, such as the greater role of public companies and state-created monopolies in the EU, differing policy considerations such as the EU's traditional embrace of fairness, and differing underlying economic and juridical assumptions about, among others, market erosion and the capability of authorities and courts to identify and remedy anticompetitive conduct, all explain the traditionally broader scope of Article 82 compared with Section 2. However, the EU's increasing acceptance of mainstream economics, welfare analysis and an effects-oriented inquiry, together with the declining influence of the Ordoliberals, should narrow (but not eliminate) the present gap between Section 2 and Article 82.
- "The Current Debate About Section 2 of the Sherman Act: Judicial Certainty Versus Rule of Reason " (II Lisbon Conference on Law and Economics / Fordham Law Legal Studies Research Paper). Abstract: This paper discusses whether section 2 has generated too much legal uncertainty (i.e., ex ante unpredictability) and, if so, how legal certainty can be increased. U.S. commentators and businesses have complained vociferously about the lack of predictable rules governing unlawful monopolization under section 2. Uncertainty is compounded by the use of juries where instructions have been severely criticized as not providing sufficient guidance to the lay members. A principal basis for concluding that uncertainty is a serious business problem is the intuition that enforcement of section 2 is chilling procompetitive (and consumer welfare enhancing) behavior like investment into and introduction of innovative products and services. There are numerous assertions to this effect but unfortunately few specific concrete examples have been offered. There appear to be few to no empirical studies that offer solid facts to provide a confident answer. However, the risk of a section 2 chilling effect on procompetitive business decisions and the potential for section 2 mischief is sufficient to warrant careful consideration of legal uncertainty even without detailed comprehensive empirical work. To increase legal certainty, assumptions and policy objectives should be reflected in specific clear legal rules as the Supreme Court did in Trinko when fashioning the rule on refusing to grant access to rivals. But this is certainly not always the case and the non-transparency of assumptions and policy objectives considerably lessens legal certainty under section 2 (and Article 82).
- "Oligopolies and Collective Dominance: A Solution in Search of a Problem", Barry E. Hawk Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP y Giorgio A. Motta Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP (Treviso Conference on Antitrust Between EC Law and National Law, Eighth Edition / Fordham Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 1301693) Abstract: This paper discusses the doctrine of collective dominance under Article 82 of the EC Treaty in the context of oligopolies. Section I discusses the essentially economics oligopoly problem defined here as the extent of subcompetitive performance (e.g., higher prices, lower output, lesser quality, etc.) resulting from interdependence among rivals. Sections II and III respectively discuss two competition law (essentially legal) concerns largely from a U.S. perspective: the oligopoly gap (concern that any subcompetitive performance cannot adequately be addressed by legal prohibitions of abusive/monopolistic unilateral conduct (e.g., Article 82 or section 2 of the Sherman Act)) and the unproved cartel gap (concern that oligopolies provide an environment in which cartels succeed without proof of the legal requisite agreement or concert e.g., Article 81 of the EC Treaty (Article 81) or section 1)). Section IV discusses Article 82 and collective dominance in the oligopoly context, particularly to what extent, if any, collective dominance has been used to address either the oligopoly gap or the unproved cartel gap. Section V discusses several Member State judgments applying collective dominance to oligopolies.
miércoles, 16 de julio de 2008
La aplicación privada del derecho antitrust y la indemnización de los daños derivados de ilícitos contra la libre competencia
"Comentario: El sistema de aplicación privada del derecho de la libre competencia establecido por el Reg. 1/2003 ha sentado las bases para impulsar el desarrollo de las reclamaciones de responsabilidad civil por ilícitos antitrust, cuyos elementos estructurales se analizan en el presente artículo a la luz, fundamentalmente, de los puntos de controversia o debate que se planteaban la Comisión en el Libro Verde sobre la materia. La reciente publicación del Libro Blanco y de los estudios sobre el impacto o los efectos de una futura reglamentación del tema en Europa y del consiguiente incremento de esta clase de reclamaciones hacen de éste un tema esencial no sólo en el moderno derecho de daños sino en el derecho de la libre competencia cuyo desarrollo ha dejado de estar a cargo de las entidades administrativas para pasar a las manos de los particulares.
Abstract: The private enforcement system in antitrust law established by the Reg. 1/2003 has put down the foundations to allow the development of tort claims caused by antitrust damages whose essential elements are analyzed in the present article through the prism of the controversial points brought into account by the European commission on the Green Book. The recent publication of the White Book and the impact studies or effects of a future regulation on the subject in Europe and the following increase in this type of claims make of this subject a substantial issue not only for modern tort law but also for antitrust law, law whose development has stopped being in charge of public entities to be passed forward to private subjects."
jueves, 12 de junio de 2008
Derecho de la Competencia de la UE, España y EEUU
1. "¿Hacia una reformulación del Derecho de Defensa de la Competencia por el Tribunal Supremo Norteamericano?"
Por: Francisco Marcos
2. "Towards a European Tort Law? Damages Actions for Breach of the EC Antitrust Rules: Harmonizing Tort Law through the Back Door?""Palabras clave: Derecho de Defensa de la Competencia, Tribunal Supremo Norteamericano, Restricciones Verticales, Compras predatorias, regulación del mercado de valores"
Por: Francisco Marcos y Albert Sánchez
"Abstract: Tort law is not harmonized at the European level. Both substantive and procedural regulations vary substantially across EU Member States. Such regulatory diversity is inevitably refl ected in the fi eld of antitrust private enforcement – based on claims for damages infl icted as a result of anticompetitive behaviour, which the European Commission has been strongly encouraging since 2003. A Green Paper on damages actions for breach of the EC antitrust rules was published in December 2005 with the purpose of opening up a reform process aimed at facilitating private damages actions across the EU. The Green Paper put forward most of the divergences in national tort law and civil procedure regulations that jeopardize the effectiveness of a privately enforced competition system. These differences in national regulations are in contrast with the nearly full de-facto harmonization existing in antitrust law and its public enforcement. To fill this (perceived) gap, the Commission came up with harmonization proposals that imply deep reforms in national tort law and civil procedure regulations. Those proposals are to be developed and further analyzed in a forthcoming White Paper – initially foreseen to be adopted around the turn of the year 2007, now expected in 2008. This paper analyzes the need and adequacy of the harmonization alternatives put forward by the Commissionand wonders whether its efforts for the harmonization of antitrust damages actions constitute a ‘backdoor harmonization’ of fundamental aspects of tort law and civilprocedure regulations with much broader implications and effects in fields of law other than antitrust."
3. El tratamiento de las restricciones públicas a la competencia: La exención legal en la Ley 15/2007, de 3 de julio, de Defensa de la Competencia".
Por: Francisco Marcos
"Resumen: La exención de la aplicación de la prohibición de conductas y prácticas restrictivas de la competencia cuando se hallen amparadas en normas de rango legal se recoge en la nueva Ley 15/2007, de 3 de julio, de Defensa de la Competencia en términos parecidos al Derecho previgente. El precepto que la Ley dedica a esta cuestión (art. 4) mejora en su calidad técnica, al ampliar su ámbito de aplicación a todas las prohibiciones de conductas restrictivas de la competencia, incluyendo el abuso de posición dominante y falseamiento de la libre competencia por actos desleales. Además, excluye de la exención a las conductas anticompetitivas que no se encuentren amparadas por normas de rango legal o que se deriven de la actuación de la Administración pública, así como las actuaciones de las empresas públicas restrictivas de la competencia que carezcan de amparo legal. Finalmente, la disposición legal mantiene una inadecuada e innecesaria referencia a la aplicación del Derecho comunitario incorporada en 1999 que, llevada a sus últimas consecuencias, cuestiona la teoría de la “doble barrera” y la propia existencia y sentido de la legislación española de defensa de la competencia.
Desde otra perspectiva debe subrayarse que la LDC sienta las bases para corregir los errores que en la praxis previa del TDC se habían cometido en la lucha contra las normas y actos administrativos que, sin amparo legal, introducían restricciones a la competencia. En efecto, la CNC y las autoridades autonómicas no pueden inaplicar o declarar la nulidad de esos actos y reglamentos y deberán acudir a su impugnación ante la jurisdicción competente (art. 13.2).
Palabras clave: Defensa de la competencia, Restricciones públicas a la competencia, Prohibiciones antitrust, amparo legal, acto administrativo.
sábado, 15 de marzo de 2008
Precios mínimos para reventa y la controversia causda por Leegin
martes, 11 de marzo de 2008
Los "programas para viajeros frecuentes" y el abuso de la posición dominante en la UE
En el Vol. 4 (2007) de World Competition ADRIAN EMCH, Sidley Austin LLP, publicó un interesante documento sobre los programas de viajeros frecuentes que ofrecen las aerolíneas a la luz del artículo 82 CE y la jurisprudencia sobre discriminación de precios (específicamente las devoluciones por fidelidad - loyalty rebates).
A continuación trascribo el resumen del documento titulado "Frequent Flyer Programmes Under Article 82 EC - Is the Sky the Only Limit?".
Abstract: Frequent flyer programmes (FFPs) are ubiquitous marketing tools used by airlines all over the world. Many airline passengers are members of FFPs, and most of them probably perceive FFPs as something positive.This article examines the status of FFPs under EU competition law. More precisely, the article analyses the FFPs of dominant airlines under the law on loyalty rebates in implementation of Article 82 of the EC Treaty. Five particular characteristics of FFPs are closely scrutinized: the duration of the reference period, the retrospective nature, the multiplicity of reward levels, their character as bundled rebates and the particular efficiencies which FFPs can create. The conclusion of this analysis is that the FFPs' characteristics may conflict with the current law, to various degrees. Based on this finding, the article advances a number of propositions on how the law on rebates could be improved. Finally, the article goes beyond the law on rebates, and examines the effects on competition of a particular feature of FFPs - the so-called principal-agent relationship.
domingo, 2 de diciembre de 2007
Nuevas Guías para Concentraciones Empresariales No-Horizontales en la Comunidad Europea
Weblog sobre derecho de la competencia del prof. Giorigio Monti
martes, 23 de octubre de 2007
Expert Economic Testimony, Economic Evidence and Asymmetry of Information in Antitrust Cases
Espero sus comentarios!
Ver documento en: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1023494
A continuación transcribo los datos relevantes del documento:
ABSTRACT: The objective of this document is to assess two questions that have a positive and normative nature respectively: 1) What incentives does the legal and institutional framework of the European Community (EC) and the United States (federal level) provide to the different agents involved in antitrust proceedings in regards to the use of expert economic testimonies? 2) What legal and social norms could provide appropriate incentives to the different agents involved in antitrust proceedings in order to align the use of expert economic testimonies with antitrust enforcement goals?
To answer the first research question and prepare the settings for the answer of the second question, the nature of the economic expertise applied in antitrust proceedings, its inherent difficulties (section 2), and the legal and institutional framework applied to them (section 3) are presented in detail.
Secondly, a general exposition of the problems posed by asymmetric information in theory (section 4.1) and concerning the relation between the adjudicator and the economic expert (section 4.2) is made, in order lay the foundations to identify the different factors that determine the incentives of the various “actors” in the proceedings (section 4.3). Finally, to answer the second research question, the regulatory and non-regulatory features of US and EC enforcement systems are analyzed to identify which factors mitigate the information asymmetry problems. The different alternatives are presented in three different categories, namely, “evidentiary rules”, “procedural rules and institutional design” and “a market for experts and the academic community” (section 4.4).
The document contains six conclusions that may be summarized in the following statement: regarding expert economic testimonies, an antitrust enforcement system must aim at the minimization of its costs through the mitigation of the consequences of asymmetric information between the adjudicator and the expert. Therefore a cost-benefit analysis of the use of expert witnesses must take into account the incentives produced by the interaction among the different regulatory and non-regulatory features of the antitrust enforcement system.